Understanding the true meaning of rape and its effects

Understanding the true meaning of rape and its effects When people think of rape, they might think of a stranger jumping out of a dark shadowy place and sexually attacking someone. But the reality to all of this is, its not only strangers who rape. In fact, about half of all people who are raped know the person who attacked them. Females are most often raped, but males can also be raped. Most friendships, acquaintances, and date rape never lead to violence, of course. But, sadly, sometimes it does happen. When forced sex occurs between two people who already know each other, it is known as date rape or acquaintance rape. Even if the two people know each other well, and even if they were intimate or had sex before, no one has the right to force a sexual act another person against his or her will. Although it involves forced sex, rape is not about sex or passion. Rape has nothing to do with love. Rape is an act of aggression and violence. You may hear some people say that those who have been raped were somehow asking for it because of the clothes they wore or the way they acted. Thats wrong: The person who is raped is not to blame. Rape is always the fault of the rapist. And thats also the case when two people are dating or even in an intimate relationship. One person never owes the other person sex. If sex is forced against someones will, thats rape. Healthy relationships involve respect including respect for the feelings of others. Someone who really cares about you will respect your wishes and not force or pressure you to have sex. Date rape is defined as non-consensual sexual (vaginal, anal, oral) intercourse that is forced (by way of physical force or psychological coercion) on a person by someone that they know. Date rape is a criminal act that is perpetrated by a social acquaintance, a friend, or a dating or intimate partner of the victim. Date rape is a complex and difficult area of criminal law, given the nature of the relationship between the victim and the defendant. Most jurisdictions, however, make no legal distinction between date rape and rape that is committed by strangers. Alcohol has been used in years to commit rape because it is easy to access, and it is still the most widely used drug for committing sexual assault. The use of other date rape drugs to commit rape is becoming more common, however, because these drugs are easily combined with alcohol to enhance their effects. These date rape drugs are often referred to as club drugs because of their popularity in dance clubs and bars. Every state and the federal government treat the act of rape as a crime. Although there are slight variations in the terms used to define the act of rape among the different laws, there is one common element the victims lack of consent. The most common and lack of consent is stated when drugs and alcohol are used to commit a rape. In cases such as these the victim is incapable and is unable to fight off the attacker or is unable to say no, regardless of the victims state at the time of the attack it is still sufficient to meet the definition of rape. The type of rape that are mainly associated with drugs and alcohol is either acquaintance rape or date rape. Date rape alone has become a real problem in todays society. The issue was introduced to the public because of the high profile trails of Mike Tyson and William Kennedy Smith. More recently basketball star Kobe Bryant has also made headlines in a case related to date rape. In all of these cases the victim stated that they defendan ts, who they knew well forcibly, raped them. Many rape victims are in the late teens and early twenties. A recent study on the subject of date rape reported that women between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four experience rape at rates four times higher than the assault rate for all women. Another study conducted in 1988 by M.P.Koss showed that five percent of the women raped reported the incident, but what is more alarming is that forty-two percent of the victims later had sex with the perpetrator again. Alcohol and Drugs Alcohol is just one of many drugs used to commit a rape. Others substances include marijuana, cocaine, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, chloral hydrate, heroin, morphine and LSD. Three of the most commonly used drugs today is Rohyonol, Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and Ketamine. These drugs were originally developed for specific medical reasons, but today they are used illegally in drug related sexual assaults, in cases where unsuspecting victims are incapacitated and left unable to resist sexual advances. In the last few years, drug related sexual assault has become a growing concern among health and community educators. There are a wide amount of drugs that has become known as date rape drugs or predatory drugs they are known by these names because they are used to incapacitate individuals for the purpose of committing a crime, often sexual assault. The fact remains that the use of recreational drugs to commit rape is not a new concept. Alcohol has been used for years to commit rape, because of its easy accessibility and today it is still the most widely used drug for committing sexual assault. However the use of other date rape drugs for committing rape is becoming more common, because these drugs are easily accessible, inexpensive, and have a rapid effectiveness on the victim. They can easily be combined with alcohol to enhance their effectiveness. These particular date rape drugs are often referred to as club drugs because of their popularity in dance clubs and bars (Kehner, 2004). Rohypnol is the trade name for flunitrazepam, it is a benzodiazepine similar to Valium but it is ten times more potent. It has many street names, such as roofies, roache, the forget-me pill, mind erasers and Mexican Valium. The pill was designed to be used as a sleeping pill in some countries, but it has never been approved for use in the United States. Rohypnol usually comes in the form of pills. After being slipped into someones drink, Rohypnol leaves no detected taste, color or order, and it will take effect after five to thirty minutes. The effects of this drug can be felt for many hours after being taken. Some of the effects that Rohypnol causes are blurry vision, drowsiness, confusion, dizziness and difficulty to move. Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was designed for medical use; it is a popular drug in France and Italy it is used as an aid in childbirth because it relaxes the muscles. It has a great effect on sleep a very small amount produce relaxation, tranquility, and drowsiness. A high dose of this medication will induce sleep with five to ten minutes. However the sleep effects only last for three hours, but not everyone can be put to sleep by this drug. It is also used primarily to relieve withdrawal symptoms, cravings and anxiety among alcoholics. There have been reports of addiction and death related to Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), because of this in 1990 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned over-the-counter sales of the drug. This made the drug illegal except under the strict guidelines and monitoring under a doctors care. The possession of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a felony punishable by up to twenty years in prison. Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is known on the street as liquidecstasy, liquid X, Georgia Home Boy, Cherry Meth, Blue Nitro, Water or Soap. Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a clear, orderless liquid that has a salty taste that can be masked by putting it into a flavored or mixed drink. The effects of the drug can be felt shortly after being taken, usually within fifteen minutes and can last for several hours. The drug reached its highest blood levels in twenty five to forty minutes. One gram of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) powder can be dissolved in as little as one milliliter of water. There is no way to determine the concentration of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) once it is in liquid form. Because of this even a small amount can result in temporarily unrousable sleep. When purchased at the club, Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is generally sold for a few dollars per dose, but when it is purchased in large quantities it is available for ten to fifty dollars per 100 grams. Some of the effects in clude drowsiness, deep unresponsive sleep, nausea, and loss of consciousness. Katamrine is known on the street as Special K, Vitamin K or Lady K it is a legal drug sold as a veterinary sedative or hospital grade anesthetic, when used in humans, the drug acts as a dissociative anesthetic it renders the user vaguely aware of, but detached from all bodily sensations. The pharmaceutical versions of katamine are clear, colorless liquids available in concentrations of ten, fifty, and one hundred milligram solutions. It is the liquid form tha is used as a date rape drug. Liquid ketamine is clear and colorless, and can easily be slipped into a drink without being detected. The liquid form is often baked into a solid form and sold on the street as a fine white powder. This powder can be snorted, smoked, or packed into gel caps and taken orally. The powdered form of katemine is often mistaken for cocaine or crystal methamphetamine. In all forms katamine is usually sold for twenty five to fifty dollars per gram. When taken orally this drug takes ten to twenty minutes to take effect. The most common effect includes hallucinations, cardiac excitement, confusion, violent or aggressive behavior and coma. There are many factors that make these drugs desirable to sexual predators, because they are tasteless, odorless and mainly colorless, these drugs are virtually undetectable. The trace of these drugs usually leaves the body within seventy-two hours from the time it has been taken and they are not found in any routine toxicology screening or blood test. Because of this many physicians and police have to look for these drugs specifically and have to work quickly to find them and get rid of them in a victims system. Another reason why date rape drugs are used in sexual assaults is because they are easily slipped into drinks and are very fast acting. They make the victim become unconscious but responsive with little or no memory of what happened to what is happening while the drug is active in his or her system. These drugs also led the victim to act without knowledge, often in a sexual or physical affectionate way. Like many drugs that are abused, date rape drugs make a person incapable of thinking clearly or making rational decisions. The use of these drugs guarantees a very vulnerable victim, one who is still able to participate in sex acts but who will have little or no knowledge of what happened in the sex act, and also will have no knowledge of what happened after the event. Because of this the victim does not have any clear memory of the event or events that took place or that is taking place during the sexual assault, the victim is also unaware that he or she has even been raped. Even if the person is aware of what is going on or has any suspicions, the victim often make poor witnesses because each of these drugs can cause amnesia while in a victims system. Myths about the Victim One of the most popular myths about rape is that the victim in some way was leading the offender on. Either she was seductive or was dressed in a provocative way or because of this she only got what she asked for. Regardless if this is true or not that if the victim did act seductively or was dressed provocatively, she still has the right to change her mind. There is no law against saying no, but it is against the law not to accept a victims refusal. There has been case study of the offenders that has reveal evidence of pathology and ownership of responsibility for the offense. They have admitted to not being able to have self control, respect for the other person and frustration because of low tolerance. Many people believe that females are the only ones who are victims of rape. But in actuality the victims of rape include males as well as females and they range in age from infancy to old age. The places where assaults have often taken place also have ranged from the victims own hou se to public parks, cemeteries, beaches, shopping malls, public restrooms, churches, and alley ways. There is no place, time of day, or season in which a rape will occur, or is there a specific type of person to whom it is going to happen to. There has also been frequent believes that if a victim really wanted to prevent an assault she could. But the reality still remains that rape occurs through intimidation with a weapon, threat of harm or injury, and in many cases brutal force. Every situation is different in one case of a victim screams, the offender might run away. But another offender might cut her throat. Myths about the offender Just as there are myths about a victim of rape, there are myths about the offender some of those myths are; sexual assault is an impulsive, uncontrollable act of passion. The victim is irresistible to the rapist. But the fact is, rape is an act of violence, not of sexual desire. The majority of rapes that take place are planned, the offender stalks out places, he or she does research on what enticement they will use in the attack or they deliberately get their victim to be involved in a sexual relationship with them. It is the vulnerability of the victim that attracts the sexual predator. There are no limits to offenders victims; they range from infants to the elderly. Anyone can become a victim, regardless of age, sex, physical appearance, marital status, ethnic, religious or socio-economic background can be raped. Another myth is sexual assault occurs only in large cities. The fact is rape have been reported all across the country in large cities and small towns. There is however m ore sexual assaults occur in large cities; this is because larger cities have a greater population. The downside to a victim that lives in a rural area is they dont have access to as many services as a victim in a larger city. Victims that are assaulted in rural areas may be less likely to tell anyone, report it to the police or seek support. Women are sexually assaulted when they are out alone at night. If women stay home they will be safe. The fact is many studies have shown that the majority of sexual assaults are committed in either the victims home or the offenders home, especially in date rape cases. Most rapists hide in dark alleys, waiting for a stranger to walk past. The majority of reported rapes occur either in the victims home or the home of the attacker. In many cases, the victim met the offender in a public place and then was convinced by the attacker to accompanying him or her to the place where the assault will take place. Rape victims know their attacker at least ca sually. In many cases, offenders were well known to the victim and were in relationships that one would normally trust, they were a boyfriend, family friend, close neighbor or relative. Most sexual assaults involve a black man raping a white woman. In ninety three percent of assaults, the rapist and victim are of the same race. In four percent of sexual assault cases, black men did rape white women, while in five percent of the cases, white men raped black women. Most rapists are poor. Rape crosses all class lines. People have been raped by doctors, lawyers, police officers, and other authority figures. Because of their social and financial positions, these offenders are seldom prosecuted for the acts of violence, and their actions are seldom publicized. A victim cant be sexually assaulted against his or her will. Rape is a crime of violence, not sexual passion. In many cases, some type of force is used, such as choking, beating, roughness, or use of a weapon. Often, the victim is t hreatened with death if he or she resists. Confronted with the fear of being beaten or killed, many victims do not attempt to fight an attacker. While a victim may not resist an attack due to socialization and fear of violence, this lack of resistance should not be equated with consent for the attack. Many mugging victims hand over their wallets willingly to maintain their safety, but they did not ask to be mugged. Sexual assault is provoked by the victim. Victims ask for it by their actions, behaviors, or by the way they dress. To say that someone wants to be raped is the same as saying that people ask to be mugged or robbed. In fact, most rapes are at least partially planned in advance and the victim is often threatened with death or bodily harm if he or she resists. Sexual assault is not a spontaneous crime of sexual passion. It is a violent attack on an individual using sex as a weapon. Sex is used to defile, degrade and destroy a victims will and control over his or her own bod y. For the victim, it is a humiliating, near death situation. No person would ask for or deserve such an attack. Only bad girls get sexually assaulted. Sexual assault occurs in all segments of our society. Most rapists choose their targets without regard to physical appearance or lifestyle. Victims are of every type, race, and socio-economic class, young and old alike. Most rapes are reported by women who change their minds afterwards or who want to get even with a man. FBI statistics show that only four percent of rape calls are false reports. This is the same false-report rate that is usual for other kinds of felonies. Women have rape fantasies and secretly desire rape. If you are going to be raped, you might as well relax and enjoy it. When people have sexual fantasies of seduction, they choose the circumstances and characteristics of their seducer. They are in control. In rape, the victim is never in control. There is a big difference between fantasy and reality. Rape is neither relaxing nor enjoyable. Again, victims often submit without struggle due to fear of physical force, or because the assailant is armed with a deadly weapon. Victims responses to rape reflect the violence and intense trauma of the event. Rapists are crazy, deranged, abnormal perverts. They are lonely men without female partnership. Rape is not a crime of spontaneous passion. Studies show that sixty and seventy percent of all sexual assaults are planned. Most rapists are married and having consensual sexual relations while assaulting other women. Rapists themselves do not describe their motivation in terms of sexual gratification, but in terms of hatred and conquest. Sex is used as a weapon to inflict violence, humiliation, and degradation on a victim. Indeed, rapists have said that rape is lousy sex. Sexual offenders come from all educational, occupational, racial and cultural backgrounds. They tend to test differently from the normal, well-adjusted male only in having a greater tend ency to express violence and rage. Men cannot be raped. Sexual assault, no matter the gender of the perpetrator or victim, is a form of violence where sex is used to demean and humiliate another person. Current statistics indicate that one in six men are sexually assaulted or abused in their lifetime. Typically, the perpetrator is a heterosexual male. Sexual assault of males is thought to be greatly underreported.

Dream Of A Long Fur Coat; Judg :: essays research papers

Judgment on a Past Time In reading the selection Dream of a Long Fur Coat, by Barbra Drews, I noticed that not all people view the world the same way. In this selection the author feels that animals that are trapped or raised in pins are being wrongly killed for the use of their fur. She justifies her reasons for feeling this way by over exaggerating the events that lead to the processing of fur. Barbra Drews clearly explains how iron traps, the most common traps used by trappers, do their part in killing the animal. The author shows this by explaning that live animals caught in traps suffer greatly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author draws support to her case by using quotations from famous people such as Cleveland Amory. Amory is quoted in the selection to say “until the leghold trap is outlawed, any woman who wears a fur has on her back 150 hours of torture.'; This is an opinion that has no factual evidence to back it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drews also feels that it is immoral to raise fur bearing animals because they are prevented from carrying on their life as the would in nature. However, she fails to mention that common animals such as cattle, goats, pigs, ducks, geese, and sheep have been domesticated to live in pins the same ways that animals being used for fur are being domesticated. She also forgets to tell her audience that these animals were once wild animals captured and bred for food and clothing in the same way the fur bearing animal are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drew also states “as high as 95% of all animals trapped are non-target animals.'; Trapping is like playing a hand of blackjack. The intent when playing blackjack is to get a blackjack every time. This is unrealistic because many times a person can win with something other than that. The same goes for trapping. Just because the trap was set for a certain type of animal, it does not mean that the animal that it catches will be discarded. Often the animal caught in the trap is just as valuable as the intended animal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion, I feel that trapping has been a way of life for people of the past and should continue to be part of the lives of people today. Many trappers are 3rd and 4th generation trappers who’s trades were passed down from one generation to the next.

Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies

? ? Fly? lab? report? p. 1? SAMPLE LAB REPORT Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies by Alexander Hamilton Biology 101 October 24, 2009 Lab Partners: Sharon Flynn, Andi Alexander ? ABSTRACT ? Fly? lab? report? p. 2? To feed on materials that are healthy for them, flies (order Diptera) use taste receptors on their tarsi to find sugars to ingest. We examined the ability of blowflies to taste monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars as well as saccharin. To do this, we attached flies to the ends of sticks and lowered their feet into solutions with different concentrations of these sugars.We counted a positive response when they lowered their proboscis to feed. The flies responded to sucrose at a lower concentration than they did of glucose, and they didn’t respond to saccharin at all. Our results show that they taste larger sugar molecules more readily than they do smaller ones. They didn’t feed on saccharin because the saccharin we use is actually the sodium salt of saccharin, and they reject salt solutions. Overall, our results show that flies are able to taste and choose foods that are good for them. INTRODUCTION All animals rely on senses of taste and smell to find acceptable food for survival.Chemoreceptors are found in the taste buds on the tongue in humans (Campbell, 2008), for example, for tasting food. Studies of sensory physiology have often used insects as experimental subjects because insects can be manipulated with ease and because their sensory-response system is relatively simple (E. Williams, personal communication). Flies are able to taste food by walking on it (Dethier, 1963). Hollow hairs around the proboscis and tarsi contain receptor neurons that can distinguish among water, salts, and sugars, and flies can distinguish among different sugars (Dethier, 1976).These traits enable them to find necessary nutrition. ? ? Fly? lab? report? p. 3? In this experiment we tested the ability of the blowfly Sarcophaga bullata to taste dif ferent sugars and a sugar substitute, saccharin. Because sucrose is so sweet to people, I expected the flies to taste lower concentrations of sucrose than they would of maltose and glucose, sugars that are less sweet to people. Because saccharin is also sweet tasting to people, I expected the flies to respond positively and feed on it as well.METHODS We stuck flies to popsickle sticks by pushing their wings into a sticky wax we rubbed on the sticks. Then we made a dilution series of glucose, maltose, and sucrose in one-half log molar steps (0. 003M, 0. 01M, 0. 03M, 0. 1M, 0. 3M, and 1M) from the 1M concentrations of the sugars we were given. We tested the flies’ sensory perception by giving each fly the chance to feed from each sugar, starting with the lowest concentration and working up. We rinsed the flies between tests by swishing their feet in distilled water. We counted a positive response whenever a fly lowered its proboscis.To ensure that positive responses were to sug ars and not to water, we let them drink distilled water before each test. See the lab handout Taste Reception in Flies (Biology Department, 2000) for details. RESULTS Flies responded to high concentrations (1M) of sugar by lowering their probosces and feeding. The threshold concentration required to elicit a positive response from at least 50% of the flies was lowest for sucrose, while the threshold concentration was highest for glucose (Fig. 1). Hardly any flies responded to saccharin. Based on the results from all ? ? Fly? lab? report? p. 4? he lab groups together, there was a major difference in the response of flies to the sugars and to saccharin (Table 1). When all the sugars were considered together, this difference was significant (t = 10. 46, df = 8, p < . 05). Also, the response of two flies to saccharin was not statistically different from zero (t = 1. 12, df = 8, n. s. ). DISCUSSION The results supported my first hypothesis that sucrose would be the most easily detectabl e sugar by the flies. Flies show a selectivity of response to sugars based on molecular size and structure. Glucose, the smallest of the three sugars, is a monosaccharide.The threshold value of glucose was the highest in this experiment because a higher concentration of this small sugar was needed to elicit a positive response. Maltose and sucrose are both disaccharides but not with the same molecular weight or composition. It has been shown that flies respond better to alpha-glucosidase derivatives than to beta-glucosidase derivatives (Dethier 1975). Because sucrose is an alphaglucosidase derivative, it makes sense that the threshold value for sucrose occurs at a lower concentration than that for maltose. This might also be the reason why sucrose tastes so sweet to people.My other hypothesis was not supported, however, because the flies did not respond positively to saccharin. The sweetener people use is actually the sodium salt of saccharic acid (Budavari, 1989). Even though it ta stes 300 to 500 times as sweet as sucrose to people (Budavari, 1989), flies taste the sodium and so reject saccharin as a salt. Two flies did respond positively to saccharin, but the response of only two flies is not significant, and the lab group that got the positive responses to saccharin may not have rinsed the flies ? off properly before the test. ? Fly? lab? report? . 5? Flies taste food with specific cells on their tarsal hairs. Each hair has, in addition to a mechanoreceptor, five distinct cells – alcohol, oil, water, salt, and sugar – that determine its acceptance or rejection of the food (Dethier, 1975). The membranes located on the tarsi are the actual functional receptors since it is their depolarization that propagates the stimulus to the fly (Dethier, 1975). Of the five cells, stimulation of the water and sugar cells induce feeding, while stimulation of the salt, alcohol, and oil receptors inhibit feeding.More specifically, a fly will reject food if the substrate fails to stimulate the sugar or water receptors, stimulates a salt receptor, or causes a different message from normal (e. g. , salt and sugar receptors stimulated concurrently) (Dethier 1963). Flies accept sugars and reject salts as well as unpalatable compounds like alkaloids (Dethier & Bowdan, 1989). This selectivity is a valuable asset to a fly because it helps the fly recognize potentially toxic substances as well as valuable nutrients (H. Cramer, personal communication).Substances such as alcohols and salts could dehydrate the fly and have other harmful effects on its homeostasis (Dethier, 1976). Thus, flies are well adapted to finding food for their own survival. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Prof. Cramer for help with the t-test and my lab partners for helping me conduct and understand this experiment. LITERATURE CITED Campbell, N. A. , & J. B. Reece. 2008. Biology, 8th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San ? Francisco. ? Fly? lab? report? p. 6? Budavari, S. , et al. 1989. The Merck Index. Merck & Co. , Rahway, NJ. Biology Department. 2000. Taste Reception in Flies. Biology 101 Laboratory Manual, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY. Dethier, V. G. 1963. The Physiology of Insect Senses. Methuen & Co. , London. Dethier, V. G. 1976. The Hungry Fly. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Dethier, V. G. , & E. Bowdan. 1989. The effect of alkaloids on sugar receptors and the feeding behaviour of the blowfly. Physiological Entomology 14:127-136. Table 1. The average number of flies in each lab group that fed from 0. M concentrations of each chemical tested. The mean + standard deviation is shown. chemical tested number of 10 flies responding glucose maltose sucrose saccharin 3. 2 + 1. 5 7. 8 + 2. 3 8. 6 + 2. 1 0. 2 + 0. 5 ? ? Fly? lab? report? p. 7? Fig. 1. Taste response curves of flies to different concentrations of the sugars glucose, maltose, and sucrose. Fig. 2. Chemical formulas of sucrose and maltose (Biology Department, 2000). Glucose is a monosaccharide an d is shown as part of each of these molecules.

Essay on William Wordsworth and Nature - 904 Words

Wordsworth’s Connection to Nature William Wordsworth is one of the famous authors from the Romantic era. Romanticism was an era which began to change during the French Revolution and continued through the Industrial Revolution. This genre of writing was different from previous genres. Romanticism followed little of the rules and authors were free to write as they felt. Most literature from this period was based on love, fascinations, obsessions, myths, and nature. A majority of Wordsworth’s literature expressed his obsession with nature. Three poems in which express this obsession is â€Å"Composition upon Westminster Bridge,† My heart leaps up when I behold,† and the most popular, â€Å"I wandered lonely as a Cloud.† In Wordsworth’s poem†¦show more content†¦The sight of a rainbow and other natural beauty has kept him youthful through his adulthood. He also hopes that he will always be able to understand, appreciate, and exper ience the beauty of nature into his old years or he would rather die. To Wordsworth being unable to experience nature will not be worth living a life where he could not find his true happiness and comfort zone. It was almost as if nature itself was keeping Wordsworth young in spirit. An extremely notable favored poem by Wordsworth was, â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud.† Out of all three poems mentioned, this one really depicts his connection with nature. The very first line is, â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud,† shows that Wordsworth associates his self being in connection to nature and all it’s beauty. This is further proven when he says, â€Å"when all at once I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils;† Wordsworth is at peace when surrounded by nature and its beauty. By being so comfortable being lost in a crowd of daffodils reveals that he may not be so comfortable being in a crowd of people. Wordsworth may not be able to relate to people a nd the problems of everyday life, but he is able to relate to nature and all that surrounds it. The last stanza of the poem proves this even more as he recollects how important nature actually isShow MoreRelatedNature And Time By William Wordsworth1197 Words   |  5 PagesNature and Time Contrasting with the Neoclassical Period, the Romantic Period in British Literature was marked not by reason and rationalism, but by feelings, emotion, and nature. Of the writers of the Romantic era, William Wordsworth was one of the most representative, spearheading the movement by co-authoring â€Å"Lyrical Ballads† with his contemporary Samuel Coleridge. Thus, to gain a better understanding the Romantic period as a whole, it is useful to focus on the works of William Wordsworth, theRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth as a Nature Worshipper2837 Words   |  12 Pages[pic] â€Å"WILLIAM WORDSWORTH AS THE WORSHIPPER OF NATURE† INTRODUCTION Theres nothing quite like poetry for singing a paean to nature. Among the many celebrated nature poets, William Wordsworth is probably the most famous. What sets his work apart from others is that his poetry was, in fact, an act of nature-worship. Wordsworth perceived the presence of divinity and healing in nature, the presence of a higher spirit that he considered a `balm to weary souls. His poem, Tintern Abbey, depicts withRead MoreThe Magic Of Nature By William Wordsworth1498 Words   |  6 PagesAbdullah Alnasser Professor: Stephanie Wilhelm Course: LLT 1223 Date: 7 June 2016 The Magic of Nature â€Å"She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways by William Wordsworth Overview: Romanticism and Nature The poem is written in three stanzas, rhymed, and has the characteristics of elegy (it is a lamentation song about someone’s death). It is also a ballad piece that tells part of the story. The poem was written by William when he was on a visit to Germany in 1978 (during the romanticism period). It recounts theRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth s Nature Of Nature1274 Words   |  6 PagesTo Wordsworth, God permeates nature to reach humanity. Throughout his poetry, Wordsworth conveys that nature has powerful influence over humans. In the â€Å"Lucy Poems,† he uses a young girl to symbolize nature’s strength. With her elusive, unique, and mesmerizing life, Lucy consumes the speaker’s mind, much like Wordsworth’s obsession with nature. Because God is the spirit that moves through and informs the universe, nature serves as God’s medium. As an extension of God, nature works through LucyRead MoreNature Of Wise Innocence By William Wordsworth1196 Words   |  5 PagesNature of Wise Innocence Written over the course of several years beginning in 1802, Ode to Intimations by William Wordsworth is one of the most revered poems of the Romantic period. The sonnet explores man s relationship with nature and the gradual loss of the glorious life of childhood. In William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Ode to Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood† the speaker specifically uses the memories of the innocence and life of his childhood to articulate his ideasRead MoreThe Beauty Of Nature By William Wordsworth972 Words   |  4 Pagescognizant of nature around them and are more preoccupied with the things that have been produced by man. Wordsworth takes experiences that occur in nature or a human reaction to objects they encounter to inspire them. Nature is seen prominently as an eternal figure, which gives the reader as well as himself a sense of comfort. Wordsworth views the world as a soothing being of which he is a part. He describes nature and sees the goodness of the divinity aspects behind the parts of nature in his worksRead More How do William Blake and William Wordsworth respond to nature in their811 Words   |  4 PagesHow do William Blake and William Wordsworth respond to nature in their poetry? The Romantic Era was an age, which opened during the Industrial (1800-1900) and French Revolution (1789). These ages affected the romantic poets greatly by disrupting and polluting nature. Before the Industrial Revolution, William Blake wrote about Songs of Innocence. He also wrote Songs of Experience but after the Industrial Revolution. William Wordsworth, on the other hand, continued on an optimistic routeRead MoreNature in I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth881 Words   |  4 Pages The poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by William Wordsworth is about the poet’s mental journey in nature where he remembers the daffodils that give him joy when he is lonely and bored. The poet is overwhelmed by nature’s beauty where he thought of it while lying alone on his couch. The poem shows the relationship between nature and the poet, and how nature’s motion and beauty influences the poet’s feelings and behaviors for the good. Moreover, the process that the speaker goes throughRead More Treatment of Nature by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge1027 Words   |  5 Pages William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had vastly different writing styles as well as opinions of the material they treated in their writing. One of the primary differences between the two is how each treats nature in his w ork. Wordsworth, in his self-proclaimed writing like the common man, often expresses a nostalgic appreciation for nature, as can be seen in â€Å"Tintern Abbey†. On the other hand, Coleridge’s character, the mariner from â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† scorns natureRead More William Wordsworth and Robert Frost - Views on nature. Essays2023 Words   |  9 PagesWilliam Wordsworth and Robert Frost - Views on nature. To many people Nature is something of little thought, but when we take time to stand back and acknowledge it we can actually see its beauty. Until now a meadow or a tree in a forest to me, was little more than something of everyday life. Now having come to realise the power and force it has upon mans emotions and actions, I realised the thoughts of other people when studying the work of William Wordsworth and Robert Frost. Both poets

Down Syndrome An Intellectual and Developmental...

While completing a course on children with exceptionalities we used the textbook â€Å"Educating Exceptional Children†. While this textbook covered a variety of exceptionalities, I chose to research one further, Down syndrome. It is one of the most common and easily identified exceptionality and based on the higher prevalence of Down syndrome about 1 in 733 births (About Down Syndrome) I believe that this may be one of the exceptionality I will have an increased chance of encountering during my teaching career. Identifying Down syndrome Down syndrome is a genetic condition which can cause intellectual and developmental disabilities. Persons affected with Down syndrome have the common will have an additional chromosome; instead of 46, they†¦show more content†¦Typically, those affected with Down syndrome will develop behind those peers without this chromosomal abnormality (â€Å"Down Syndrome†). Early Intervention While nothing done before or during a pregnancy can cause Down syndrome a diagnosis can be available as early as pregnancy. An amniocentesis (thin needle inserted through the mother’s abdomen into the placenta) performed by a medical professional can easily identify the chromosomal abnormality or after birth with a simple blood test performed on the newborn. The earlier a diagnosis is made, the earlier parents can begin processing and using all the available resources to educate themselves on raising a child with Down syndrome. Parents will be able to gain the knowledge needed so that their child can receive the appropriate therapy and participate in activities that have been designed especially for this exceptionality, activities, which are geared to expand cognitive, social, emotional, and intellectual capacity. Educational, Social and Cognitive Development: Intellectual Capacity Cognitive development is defined as how a child learns and processes information. (â€Å"What is Cognitive Development†). Cognitively, children with Down syndrome tend to learn and show progress at a slower rate than their peers and not all areas of development will be equally affected. Because children with Down syndrome tend to experience delays in learning to talk and expressingShow MoreRelatedChildren With Down Syndrome : A Developmental Disorder1615 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Down Syndrome is a developmental disorder caused by an error in the process of cell division. This disorder is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy)(Segal Pesco, 2015). It is the most common chromosomal disorder and affects 1 in 700 live births (Ramia, Musharrafieh, Khaddage, Sabri, 2014). According to Segal and Pesco (2015), Down Syndrome is characterised by physical features such as distinct facial characteristics, low muscle tone; conditions such as congenitalRead MoreIntellectual Disabilities And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1493 Words   |  6 PagesGood evening Dr. Joseph and fellow colleagues, I am Samantha and this is Kezia and we will like to share with you for a few minutes our findings in relation to intellectual disabilities and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Our presentation this evening will be in the form of audio-visual. These topics are very broad topics, but due to limitations of time we would only be able to cover a few points in that space of time. We will try to make it as interesting and informative as possible, butRead MoreUnderstanding Services for Developmental Disabilities1013 Words   |  5 PagesAs a parent, learning that your child has developmental disabilities can be a life altering moment in time and can cause a devastating chain reaction of events. These events have the potential to change family priorities and structure, hurt relationships, deplete financial savings and stability, and emotionally drain everyone intimately involved with you and your child. How do you find human services programs, agencies, or advocates, whose primary job is to help you provide everything your childRead More Special Education Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pages Since the passing of The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), schools are required to serve all students regardless of their disability in a least restrictive environment. Due to increase in the number of students being identified and placed in general education classrooms, educators can expect to serve students with disabilities. It is important to understand the different types of disabilities, the characteristics of these disabilities, and causes; in order to ensure the successRead MoreEssay on Understanding Persons with Intellectual Disabilities1518 Words   |  7 Pages It is important to understand the terms that are associated with intellectual disabilities. The first term is disability. Disability is an individual performing which includes physical, sensory, cognitive, intellectual mental illness impairments, and various types of chronic diseases. The next term involves intelligence. This term is the ability to think logically, reason out problems, prepar e, understand difficult ideas, examine intellectually, and the ability to determine quickly and or acquireRead MoreI Have A Friend With Down Syndrome912 Words   |  4 Pagespaper I chose Down syndrome. I have a friend with Down syndrome and I would like to learn more about it. On this paper I am going to be giving an overview of the disorder and treatment options. Down syndrome is a disorder in which an individual gets a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. Normally, at the time of conception a baby inherits genetic information from its parents in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the mother and 23 from the father, but in most cases of Down syndrome a child getsRead MoreIntellectual And Developmental Disabilities And Emotional Or Behavioral Disorders1256 Words   |  6 Pages Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Natasha Hoaglen California State University, Chico â€Æ' Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Description Characteristics Intellectual and developmental disabilities [ID and DD] are defined as those having â€Å"significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social,Read MoreThe Effects Of Language On The Development Of A Child1261 Words   |  6 Pageswith Down’s syndrome, the capabilities of acquiring language during developmental markers is far less than a child with just 21 chromosomes. Parents and/or guardians of infants and toddlers with Down’s syndrome believe that their child will one day be able to verbally communicate with them. They presume the possibility, but does research support their beliefs? For the purpose of this paper, the child from infancy through three-years old will be discussed in regards to the developmental domain thatRead MoreEffectiveness Of Early Interventions For Children With Developmental Disabilities1639 Words   |  7 PagesInterventions to Improve Independence in Children with Developmenta l Disabilities Introduction The purpose of this writing is to explore the effectiveness of interventions to improve independence in children with developmental disabilities. To address this topic, the first section of the paper will include a background of the history of interventions used to improve children’s abilities to live a more independent life living with a developmental disability. Next will be the topic section which will addressRead MoreDevelopmental Disabilities : A Diverse Group Of Chronic Conditions1384 Words   |  6 Pagesmay be way tougher. Students with developmental disabilities face many challenges and have way less opportunities than students without them. My essay will study students with developmental disabilities, how they plan on exploring their everyday life and what they go through on a good and bad day. Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of chronic conditions that are due to mental or physical impairments (Trends In The Prevalence Of Developmental Disabilities In U.S Children, 2015). There are

Financial Analysis Of Tesco Plc - 959 Words

The main objective of this part 1 assignment is to do analysis of financial statements. This part will focus on the financial analysis based on last three year’s financial statement plus analysis of the company’s place within the industry sector. The chosen company is Tesco Plc., which is a public limited company. Hence, this part of the assignment will give an analysis of financial statement of Tesco Plc. and analysis of Tesco will be done in comparison with the retail industry. Discussion Financial analysis of Tesco Plc. A financial statement is a document in which the current situation of the user at the end of the fiscal year is known. The financial statements are important because they are serious and official recognition that allow a much organised idea finance documents. They help not only to see the past, but to learn from it to improve the following year. They also allow study of clear and effective way he was saved was spent and more. The financial statements reflect the financial position of the company, financial performance and cash flows of the company, it is significant to note that the correct depiction of the impacts of transactions and other events and circumstances according to the explanations and a criteria identification of assets, liabilities, income and expenses goes in the same outline (Schroeder et al., 2011). Analysis of income statement The income statement, also known as profit and loss is a financial report that based on a specifiedShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis Of Tesco Plc1693 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment is to do analysis of financial statements. This part will focus on the financial analysis based on last three year’s financial statement plus analysis of company’s place within the industry sector. The chosen company is Tesco Plc., which is a public limited company. Hence, this part of assignment will give analysis of financial statement of Tesco Plc. and analysis of Tesco will be done in comparison with the retail industry. Discussion Financial analysis of Tesco Plc. A financial statementRead MoreTesco Plc Financial Analysis1887 Words   |  8 Pages1 TESCO PLC Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen, when he purchased the shipment of tea from T.E Stockwell and later in 1924 combined the initial of the names (TES) with the first two letters of his surname (CO). The first TESCO store was opened in Burnt Oak, Middlesex in 1929. Tesco is now operating in 14 different countries around the globe with almost 5000 stores worldwide and it is one of the largest retailers around the world. According to Kantar worldpanel, 2012 Tesco covers almostRead MoreTesco Plc Financial Statements Analysis Essays5555 Words   |  23 PagesAssignment Module Financial Statement Analysis 1. Introduction to the company and its role within the wider international market; including competitors and current market conditions that may impact on its financial performance. Tesco plc is a British multinational grocery and these days the third- largest retailer worldwide in terms of revenues, operating in 14 countries across Europe, Asia and Nord America.The retailer was founded in 1919 and operated exclusively within the UK until the earlyRead MoreA Report On Tesco Plc1711 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 Introduction The purpose of this report is to applies financial ratios analysis indicators in specific to analysis ,comparisons and evaluation of annual report of Tesco PLC and Wm Morrison supermarket PLC .It will be focus on following respects (1)Comparing Tesco PLC and Morrison PLC between 2013 and 2014 respectively. (2) Comparing Tesco PLC and Morrison PLC in 2014. 2 .0 Three limitations of ratio analysis (1)Although Tesco and Morrison operates in similar sectors ,but it is impossibleRead MoreTesco PLC: A Business Overview1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 02 Historical Share Price of Tesco†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 02 Performance Analysis of Tesco†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 03 Capital Structure of Tesco Plc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Corporate governance of Tesco†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 06 Corporate social responsibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..06 Trend and new stories about Tesco Plc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.07 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦07 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦08 Introduction: Tesco Plc, the worlds fourth largest and Europe secondRead MoreIntroduction to J. Sainsbury Plc910 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparative analysis   Ã‚     Ã‚  Financial Ratio Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gearing/Financial Risk   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evaluation of Financial Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction The objective of financial reporting/statements is to provide information about the reporting entity’s financial performance and financial position that is useful to a wide range of users for assessing the stewardship of the entity’s management and for making economic decisions. This is a report on the operations of J. SainsburyRead MoreTesco Entry Strategy1407 Words   |  6 PagesTesco aims to achieve the number one spot in the foreign market within five years of entry (Thunderbird, 2012). Its entry strategies in the Asian and most European markets have been relatively successful; however, its entry to the American (US) market had been challenging for Tesco (Thunderbird, 2012). This will be discussed in the later sections. The company’s great success of international diversification stems from its sensitivity to local culture and expectations, and understanding its domesticRead MoreFinancial Analysis of Three Supermarket Chains Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesundertake financial analysis of the position of the three major supermarket chains (Tesco plc, Morrison plc and Sainsbury plc) in the UK, using the financial tools such as Horizontal and Vertical Analysis and Ratio Analysis. The calculations done are considering the figures from the income stat ement and balance sheet of these three companies for the last 2 years (2008 2007). Doing these calculations is an effort to find out the current position and if any forecast on their performance. Tesco Plc *InterpretingRead MoreSwot Analysis : Tesco s Cut Throat Competition 1649 Words   |  7 Pagesover 30 years, Tesco remains one of the biggest retailers worldwide. However Tesco has suffered a dramatic decrease in its market share and profits (Ruddick, 2015). To avoid this, SWOT and PESTLE analysis needs to be constantly updated (Marcousà © et al. 2003: 61). According to Marcousà © et al. (2003:61) a SWOT analysis â€Å"identifies internal strengths and weaknesses of the business, and highlights the external opportunities and threats†. Mullins and Christy (2013:91) state, â€Å"PESTLE analysis is a techniqueRead MoreFinancial Position of Tesco PLC2851 Words   |  11 Pagesrelevance of evaluating both the financial performance as well as position of Tesco PLC can not be overstated. This is more so the case given the need to determine the stability and viability of the company going forward. This text seeks to evaluate the financial performance as well as position of Tesco PLC by amongst other things analyzing the entitys financial statements. In this case, the evaluation will be based on the companys recently published annual accounts. Tesco PLC: Company Background Yahoo

Snow Flower The Secret Fan free essay sample

In a relationship, never-ending devotion and faithfulness further deepens the impact of the bond, establishing a friendship that will last an eternity. In the novel, Snow Flower and the Secret Fan by Lisa See, the true bond of friends is shown through the relationship between the two main protagonists, Lily and Snow Flower. When they were younger and were starting their â€Å"footbinding days†, they learned of each other’s problems and coped with their hardships together. As they grew older and got married, they experienced many difficulties trying to meet each other but still overcame them by writing to each other constantly. Even when one betrayed the other, the other always understood. Through their everlasting devotion to each other, these two girls formed a relationship that stayed true and loyal for their entire lives. In nineteenth-century China, when wives and daughters were foot-bound and lived in almost total seclusion, the women in one remote Hunan County developed their own secret code for communication called nu shu or â€Å"women’s writing†. We will write a custom essay sample on Snow Flower The Secret Fan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some girls were paired with laotongs, old sames, in emotional matches that lasted throughout their lives. They painted letters on fans, embroidered messages on handkerchiefs to communicate their feelings and emotions to each other. â€Å"Footbinding† became a social tradition for all women and showed their social status. Lily and Snow Flower were two laotongs who established their friendship at a young age. They get their foot bound on the same day at the same hour for two laotongs must be alike in every way. Once they get their foot bound, they must never leave the â€Å"upstairs women’s chambers† where no man can enter. Through the painful ordeal of getting their foot bound, the two laotongs strengthened their friendship by understanding each other’s pain and suffering. Lily and Snow Flower become acquainted with each other’s lifestyle and they slowly learn about the differences within the two. While Lily is of average social class and wealth, Snow Flower is from an esteemed family whose grandfather was an imperial scholar for the Emperor. Even with their social class differences, Lily and Snow Flower are not disturbed by it, marking a true loyalty to each other. When Lily and Snow Flower both got married, they found obstructions that hindered them from meeting one another. Since Lily married into the most respected family in a nearby village near her own natal home due to her perfect â€Å"lily feet†, and Snow Flower married into a distant village further away, arranging a rendezvous was hard especially since they had more important purposes to take care of when getting married. One was to obey their mother-in-law and husband and give birth to many sons. Because Lily’s mother-in-law was very traditional and kept to all of the women’s rules, she was extremely strict when it came to Lily meeting Snow Flower. Even with all these hindrances, Lily and Snow Flower found ways to communicate with one another. They used â€Å"nu shu† and the paper fan that was first used when they met before becoming laotongs. By communicating this way, they expressed their inner most feelings on marriage and matters that seemed so trivial to them. The fan is a symbol of their unwavering sign of true friendship for it showed everything that happened between the two girls from childhood to death. Throughout all the sufferings and joyous moments they had together, Lily and Snow Flower kept true to each other, telling each other everything they knew. But one problem arose when Lily discovered the true secret of Snow Flower’s once respected family. Snow Flower’s family which was very well revered by all those in the village suffered a staggering blow to the family’s honor when her father took to the â€Å"pipe†, meaning opium. Slowly, the family name was destroyed due to the weakness of the father and they became in debt and were left with only their once prosperous house with no furniture. Gradually, all the people in her family left, leaving behind only her drug addicted father and helpless mother. Lily had no idea that Snow Flower was living in such state until the day arrived when Lily finally went to her house to help prepare Snow Flower for her wedding. Even when Snow Flower did not tell Lily the most important aspects of her life, Lily still accepted Snow Flower and even tried to understand her distress even more. If loyalty marks true friendship, then what Lily and Snow Flower had between them was the mark of forgiving and understanding faithfulness that extended a lifetime. The novelist, Lisa See displays a relationship that was carried on throughout two girls’ footbinding days to as far as their marriage days. Through the blissful and cheerful times to their misery and pain, Lily and Snow Flower remained close as ever, exhibiting their mark of true friendship.